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--- history_13th_century [2025/03/26 05:53] – 84.241.203.28
+++ history_13th_century [2025/03/26 06:45] (current) – 84.241.203.28
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 th C. Byzantine & Charlemagne https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_century
+Charlemagne ... [[History Early scholasticism]]
 th C. Vikings & death Charlemagne - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_century
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 https://historiek.net/de-opstand-1568-1648-blijft-fascinerende-geschiedenis/46748/
-The Treaty of Westphalia (1648): This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War and established **a new political order in Europe, recognizing the sovereignty of individual states* and diminishing the power of the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire.
+The Treaty of Westphalia (1648): This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War and established **a new political order in Europe, recognizing the sovereignty of individual states** and diminishing the power of the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire.
+main entities recognized in the Peace of Westphalia included:
+The Dutch Republic (Netherlands) - Gained recognition of independence from Spain.
+Switzerland - Gained recognition of its independence from the Holy Roman Empire.
+France - Strengthened its territorial claims and sovereignty.
+Sweden - Gained territory and recognition as a significant power in Northern Europe.
+Spain - Recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic, though it remained a major power.
 The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714): This conflict arose over the question of who would succeed to the Spanish throne after the death of the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II. The war ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, which significantly altered the balance of power in Europe and marked the decline of Habsburg influence in Spain.
-===
+----
+Condemnations of 1277
+The Condemnations of 1277 were a series of ecclesiastical pronouncements issued by the Bishop of Paris, Étienne Tempier, which aimed to address and restrict certain philosophical and theological ideas that were being promoted by scholars at the University of Paris. The primary purpose of these condemnations was to clarify and defend the boundaries of Christian doctrine against what the Church viewed as potentially heretical or dangerous ideas, particularly those influenced by Aristotelian philosophy and the works of certain scholars, such as Thomas Aquinas and others.
+https://credomag.com/article/the-angelic-doctors-angelic-doctrine/
+----
 **1284**: The establishment of the University of Oxford, one of the oldest universities in the world.